Abdominal pain is a common issue that affects people of all ages. It can range from mild discomfort to severe distress. It can be caused by various factors and identifying the root cause is crucial for effective treatment. Recognizing symptoms early, adopting appropriate lifestyle changes and seeking timely medical care can make a significant difference in your health.
1. Indigestion (Dyspepsia)1
Dyspepsia, commonly known as indigestion, involves discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen. This condition is often linked to eating habits, lifestyle choices or underlying medical conditions. Overeating or consuming fatty, spicy, or acidic foods can trigger indigestion. Drinking too much alcohol or caffeine, constant stress, and overusing certain over-the-counter drugs are also common causes.
Symptoms include bloating, flatulence, nausea, vomiting and frequent burping. Burning sensation in the heart is also a telltale sign. Here are a few tips to manage indigestion:
- Avoid fried or spicy foods.
- Eat smaller, more frequent meals.
- Practice stress management techniques (e.g. yoga, meditation) to reduce symptom severity and frequency
Over-the-counter antacids can alleviate symptoms; however, if symptoms persist, consult a healthcare professional.
2. Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu)2
Gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often caused by viral, bacterial or parasitic infections. Contaminated food or water and person-to-person contact are common ways it spreads. Viral stomach flu can spread easily, so it’s important to take steps to protect yourself and others.
The symptoms of gastroenteritis include diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever and dehydration. Managing this condition primarily involves staying hydrated. Drink plenty of fluids and use oral rehydration solutions to prevent dehydration. It’s best to avoid solid foods, and gradually reintroduce bland foods such as bananas, rice and toast.
In severe cases, medical treatment, including antibiotics or antiviral medications and IV fluids, may be needed.
3. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)3
IBS is a long-lasting condition affecting the large intestine, characterized by frequent abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. The exact cause of IBS is unknown, but it is often linked to diet, stress, and gut-brain interactions. Dietary triggers such as high-fat foods, caffeine, and spices can worsen symptoms, as can stress and psychological factors.
Symptoms of IBS include abdominal cramping and pain, loose watery stools (diarrhoea) or hard stools (constipation), bloating, excessive gas and mucus in the stool. Managing IBS often involves dietary changes. This includes following a diet that avoids foods that are hard to digest, and steers clear of foods that cause gas. Medications like laxatives and stomach muscle relaxants and stress management techniques can help improve symptoms.
4. Gastritis4
Gastritis is when the stomach lining gets inflamed. It can happen suddenly (acute) or over a long time (chronic). It is often linked to bacterial infection, medication overuse, heavy drinking and stress.
Upper abdominal pain or burning, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and a feeling of fullness or bloating are indicative of gastritis. To manage this condition, avoid alcohol and pain relievers unless necessary.
The healthcare professional may prescribe antacids and/or antibiotics can help manage the condition.
5. Appendicitis5
Appendicitis is a medical emergency where the appendix becomes suddenly inflamed. The appendix is a finger-shaped pouch that sticks out from the colon on the lower right side of the abdomen. A blockage in the appendix and bacterial infection are common causes.
You may experience a sharp abdominal pain starting near the navel and shifting to the lower right abdomen. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever and loss of appetite. The pain often worsens with movement or coughing.
Appendicitis requires immediate medical attention. A routine procedure called appendectomy helps remove the inflamed appendix and prevents further complications.
Conclusion
Abdominal pain can have many causes, from mild digestive issues to serious conditions like appendicitis. Knowing the cause helps in finding the right treatment. Simple lifestyle changes and home remedies can help with mild pain. However, consult a doctor if the pain is severe or persistent. Stay informed and consult healthcare professionals to manage your health and avoid complications.
References:
- Schachter H. Indigestion and heartburn. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd ed. Butterworths; 1990.
- Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, et al. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus: an update review and perspective. Viruses. 2023;15(2):359. doi:10.3390/v15020359
- Brierley SM, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Sarnelli G, Sharkey KA, Storr M, Tack J. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(1):5-25. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00682-y
- Rugge M, Sugano K, Sacchi D, et al. Gastritis: an update in 2020. Curr Treat Options Gastro. 2020;18:488-503. doi:10.1007/s11938-020-00298-8
- Echevarria S, Rauf F, Hussain N, et al. Typical and atypical presentations of appendicitis and their implications for diagnosis and treatment: a literature review. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e37024. doi:10.7759/cureus.37024
